Digital Lending Enterprise Architecture Case Study-EA Blueprint

Anand Nerurkar
Oct 1
19 min read

📌 Digital Lending Enterprise Architecture Case Study

Customer: Amit RBuilder: Prestige GroupBank: ABC BankRole: Enterprise Architect

1. Enterprise Strategy & Vision

The digital lending transformation aims to:

Deliver seamless end-to-end loan processing for customers like Amit R.
Enable trusted collaboration with external parties (builders, regulators, bureaus).
Ensure regulatory compliance (RBI, SEBI, FIU-IND).
Drive scalability & resilience through microservices + cloud-native deployment (Azure/AWS/GCP).
Integrate AI/GenAI for customer experience (loan FAQs, advisory, fraud insights).

As Enterprise Architect, I defined the strategic roadmap ensuring long-term IT investment alignment with business growth.

2. Business–IT Alignment

Business Goal: Faster disbursal, compliance adherence, customer trust.
IT Enablement:
- Onboarding microservices with Fenergo integration for KYC/CDD/EDD.
- Risk & fraud workflows via Actimize (AML/Financial Crime) + Experian Hunter (Fraud Score).
- Creditworthiness checks with CIBIL/Experian APIs.
- SailPoint Identity Governance to ensure RBAC (maker/checker/approver) across systems.
- Compliance reporting integration with FIU-IND & RBI.
- KPIs: TAT reduced by 60%, compliance audit scores >98%, fraud detection accuracy 95%, NPA reduction by 20%

3. Capability Map

Core Capabilities:

Customer Onboarding
Identity & Access Governance (SailPoint + Azure AD)
KYC/CDD/EDD (Fenergo)
AML & Financial Crime (Actimize)
Credit Risk Assessment (CIBIL/Experian)
Fraud Detection (Experian Hunter)
Loan Evaluation & Underwriting
Loan Agreement & Disbursement
Compliance & Regulatory Reporting (FIU-IND, RBI)
Customer Engagement (GenAI Assistant)

Capability → Service Map

Onboarding Capability → Onboarding Service (Microservice)
KYC Capability → Fenergo Integration Service
AML Capability → Actimize Integration Service
Credit Risk Capability → Credit Bureau API Service
Fraud Detection Capability → Fraud Scoring Service
Loan Evaluation Capability → Decision Engine Service
Agreement Capability → Document Management Service
Disbursement Capability → Core Banking Integration Service
Compliance Capability → Regulatory Reporting Service
Customer Engagement Capability → GenAI Chatbot Service

Capability → Application Map

Identity Governance → SailPoint, Azure AD
KYC/EDD/CDD → Fenergo
AML/Crime → Actimize
Credit Score → CIBIL/Experian APIs
Fraud Score → Experian Hunter
Loan Decision → Custom Decision Engine
Agreement → DocuSign + DMS
Disbursement → Core Banking CBS
Compliance Reporting → Actimize + FIU-IND Gateway
Customer Advisory → GenAI Advisor

4. Legacy Modernization Approach

EJB → Spring Boot Microservices
- Use automated code migration tools (e.g., IBM Mono2Micro, Modern Systems) to analyze dependencies and auto-generate Spring Boot skeletons.
PL/SQL Stored Procedures → Microservices
- Extract business logic, refactor into Java microservices with JPA/Hibernate.
- Wrap remaining DB logic as REST APIs.
Proc*C Batch Jobs → Spring Batch
- Modernize to Spring Batch/Quartz jobs for loan settlement, compliance file processing.
- Containerize in AKS for scalability.
Oracle Forms → Angular/React
- Use UI modernization tools (e.g., OpenLegacy, AuraPlayer) to auto-generate Angular components.
- Gradually decommission forms.

Legacy Modernization Approach

Legacy Asset	Modernization Approach	Tools/Automation
EJB Monoliths	Refactored into Spring Boot Microservices	IBM Mono2Micro, OpenRewrite
PL/SQL Stored Procedures	Migrated to Spring Batch Jobs	AWS SCT, custom code generators
Oracle Forms	Rebuilt as Angular + React web apps	Oracle Forms Migration Tool
Proc*C Jobs	Modernized into Spring Batch with Kafka triggers	Apache Camel
ESB Integrations	Replaced with Kafka + API Gateway	Azure API Management

Frameworks & Standard

1. Enterprise Architecture Frameworks

TOGAF 9.2 (The Open Group Architecture Framework)
- Applied ADM cycle (Architecture Development Method) for business, application, data, and technology architecture.
- Built Capability Map → Application Map → Service/Technology Map.
- Created Roadmap & Transition Architectures for phased modernization.
- Defined Architecture Principles (Cloud-first, API-first, Zero Trust, AI-enabled).
BIZBOK (Business Architecture Guild)
- Used for business capability modeling and aligning with lending KPIs.
- Helped stakeholders see which business outcomes → which IT services.

2. Security Frameworks

NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) → Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, Recover.
ISO 27001 & RBI Cyber Security Guidelines → to ensure regulatory compliance.
Zero Trust Security Model (Forrester-based):
- Enforced least privilege access via Azure AD + SailPoint.
- Network micro-segmentation via Istio Service Mesh.
- Continuous Authentication/Authorization using risk-based policies.
OWASP ASVS + DevSecOps → integrated into CI/CD pipelines for vulnerability scanning.

3. Governance & Compliance Frameworks

COBIT 2019 (Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology)
- For IT governance, decision rights, accountability matrix.
- Defined EA-level guardrails for risk, compliance, and investment tracking.
ITIL v4 (Service Management)
- For operational governance – incident, problem, change management.
- Linked to Ops KPIs (MTTR, SLA compliance, uptime).
Regulatory Compliance Alignment
- FATCA, OFAC, FIU-IND, RBI KYC/CDD → embedded into architecture.
- GDPR/DPDP Act (India 2023) → data privacy & consent tracking.
Architecture Governance Board (EAB)
- Reviews designs, approves patterns, tracks risk register.

4. Collaboration & Delivery Frameworks

Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe 6.0)
- Used for multi-squad Agile delivery.
- Squads → Feature Teams → ART (SAFe).
- EA ensures alignment with Roadmap, KPIs, Compliance.
- Maintained Program Increment (PI) planning cadence.
- Gave visibility to CIO, CRO, CTO via Agile Release Trains (ARTs).
DevOps & DevSecOps Operating Model
- Shift-left testing, policy-as-code (Terraform + Azure Policy).
- Integrated SAST, DAST, SCA, IaC scans.
- Automated security scans, compliance gates, audit log generation.
Architecture Governance Board (EAB)
- Chaired by EA (you) with CIO, CRO, Security Head.
- Approved design patterns, reviewed architecture deviations.
- Ensured KPIs tracked across business, delivery, security, compliance, operations.

6. Technology Evaluation & Selection

Java 17
Microservices: Spring Boot + Kafka
UI Modernization: Oracle Forms → Angular
Batch Modernization: Proc*C → Spring Batch
Legacy Code Conversion: Automated tools (EJB → Java Microservices, PL/SQL → REST APIs)
Azure AD + SailPoint → Identity, Governance, Zero Trust.
Fenergo → RegTech for KYC/EDD/CDD.
Actimize → AML + Financial Crime management.
Experian + CIBIL → Credit/Fraud assessment APIs.
Kafka → Event streaming for real-time credit/fraud alerts.
Cloud Platform: Azure AKS, API Management, Key Vault, Monitor
DevOps: Azure DevOps (CI/CD), Terraform (IaC)
DevSecOps: SAST (SonarQube), DAST (OWASP ZAP), Container Scanning (Aqua/Trivy)
ELK + Prometheus/Grafana → Observability.
GenAI Framework → Loan FAQ + advisory chatbot.

7 Standards, Patterns, Principles

🔹 Architecture Principles

Cloud-First, API-First – all new services are cloud-native and API-enabled.
Security by Design – every microservice follows “least privilege” and is scanned in CI/CD pipelines.
Compliance-Driven – regulatory obligations (SEBI, RBI, FATCA, OFAC, GDPR) embedded into architecture.
Reuse over Build – prefer reusing enterprise services (KYC, Credit Scoring, AML) before building anew.
Event-Driven & Real-Time – Kafka backbone for streaming data (fraud alerts, credit checks).
Data is an Asset – single source of truth (golden customer record), data lineage, audit trails.
Observability & Transparency – monitoring, logging, tracing integrated into every layer.
Vendor-Agnostic – core services remain portable across Azure/AWS/GCP where possible.
Automation First – IaC, automated regression, auto ML retraining pipelines.
Customer-Centric – architecture optimized for faster, simpler lending journeys.

🔹 Architecture Standards

Microservices Standards:
- Spring Boot, Java 17, REST/gRPC, Kafka for event streaming.
- Circuit breaker pattern (Resilience4j), API Gateway (Azure APIM).
- Idempotency for all financial transactions.
Security Standards:
- OWASP Top 10 compliance.
- Encryption (AES-256 at rest, TLS 1.3 in transit).
- Azure Key Vault for secrets.
- SailPoint-driven role lifecycle, JML (Joiner-Mover-Leaver) automation.
Data Standards:
- Master Data Management (MDM) for customer profile.
- Data quality rules defined for KYC/AML.
- GDPR-compliant PII anonymization.
DevOps Standards:
- IaC with Terraform/Bicep.
- CI/CD with gated builds, SAST/DAST, container scans.
- Blue-green & canary deployments.

🔹 Design & Integration Patterns

Event-Driven Pattern: Loan events → Kafka → downstream microservices (AML, Fraud).
Strangler Fig Pattern: Gradually replace legacy CBS modules with microservices.
Anti-Corruption Layer: Between new microservices and Finacle/BaNCS.
Saga Pattern: Distributed loan transaction consistency.
CQRS & Event Sourcing: For credit decisioning and fraud audit trails.
API Façade Pattern: Hide legacy CBS APIs with modern REST façade.
Batch Offload Pattern: Legacy Proc*C → Spring Batch with event triggers.

8 Security Across Hops

UI → API Gateway → Identity (Azure AD) → IAM Governance (SailPoint)- WAF + DDoS protection.
API → Microservices (JWT, mTLS, OAuth2)
Microservices → External Partners (Fenergo, Actimize, CIBIL, Experian) secured via VPN/IPSec + API keys+Secure APIs + SFTP with checksum validation.
Data at Rest: Encrypted (AES-256), Key Vault
Data in Motion: TLS 1.3
Audit Logging: Immutable log store (ELK + WORM storage)
Batch Jobs → Actimize ETL → FIU/RBI → Audit log, checksum, dual encryption.
IAM → Azure AD + SailPoint (governance, SoD, certification).

9.DevOps & DevSecOps Pipeline & AI/ML Adoption

CI/CD: Azure DevOps Pipelines → build, test, deploy microservices into AKS.
IaC → Terraform + Azure Bicep for infra provisioning.
DevSecOps Controls:
- SAST (SonarQube, Checkmarx).
- DAST (OWASP ZAP, Burp Suite).
- SCA (dependency scanning).
- Secrets Mgmt: Azure Key Vault.
- Policy Enforcement: OPA, Azure Policy.
Observability: ELK, Prometheus, Grafana for logs/metrics/traces.
Blue/Green Deployments for risk-free rollouts.
Observability → ELK + Prometheus + Grafana + Azure Monitor.
Zero Trust Security → Azure AD, Key Vault, WAF, NSG, Istio mTLS.
SRE: SLIs/SLOs for loan services, monitoring (Prometheus/Grafana, ELK).
AI/GenAI:
- Loan FAQ chatbot (LangChain, Spring AI).
- Fraud explainability (XAI – SHAP, LIME).
- Document automation (PAN/Aadhaar extraction).

10.KPI To Be Tracked

1. Business Outcome KPIs (Customer & Business Value)

Loan Approval TAT: Reduced from 15–20 days → <48 hours.
Customer Drop-Off Rate (Onboarding): Reduced by 30%.
Net Promoter Score (NPS): Improved by 25% (better digital CX).
Fraud Loss Reduction: Achieved 20% lower fraud-related write-offs.
Loan Disbursal Growth: Increased disbursement volume by 40% YOY.
Regulatory Penalties: 0 incidents post transformation.

2. Delivery KPIs (Agile & Engineering)

Release Frequency: From 1 release in 8 weeks → 1 release every 2 weeks.
Cycle Time (Idea to Production): Reduced by 35%.
Deployment Automation: 95% of deployments automated via DevOps.
Defect Density (Prod vs UAT): Reduced by 30%.
Modernization Coverage: 100% migration of EJB, PL/SQL, Proc*C to microservices.
Automation Accelerators: Achieved 40% faster migration using code generation tools.

3. Security KPIs

IAM Compliance (Access Recertification): 98% completion on time via SailPoint.
Critical Vulnerabilities (CVEs): Reduced by 40% (via DevSecOps pipelines).
MFA Adoption: 100% for external users, 95% for internal staff.
Zero Trust Readiness: 100% critical services covered with RBAC + network micro-segmentation.
Data Security: 100% sensitive data encrypted at rest & in transit.

4. Compliance & Governance KPIs

Regulatory Report Accuracy (CTR, STR, NTR, CBWR): 100% submission with no rejections by FIU-IND.
RBI KYC/CDD/EDD Audits: 100% compliance achieved, no audit findings.
GDPR/PII Access Exceptions: Reduced to <2%.
IGA Coverage: 95% applications integrated with SailPoint for governance.
Audit-Readiness: SLA of 24 hours to provide evidence for any audit.

5. Operational KPIs (Resiliency, Performance, Observability)

Uptime / Availability: Achieved 99.99% via Azure Front Door + AKS active-active setup.
System Throughput: Supported 5K–8K TPS sustained without degradation.
Incident MTTR: Reduced from 8 hours → 1 hour (via SRE practices).
Monitoring Coverage: 95% services integrated with Prometheus + Grafana + ELK.
Scalability: Auto-scale to 3x load during seasonal peaks (e.g., festive home loan offers).

Partner & Integration Landscape

Fenergo → KYC/CDD/EDD workflows, API integration.
Actimize → AML/Fraud detection, CTR/STR/NTR/CBWR reports, FIU-IND integration.
Experian / CIBIL → Credit Score API.
Experian Hunter → Fraud Score API.
TCS BaNCS / Finacle → Core Banking System.
ABC Bank Batch Jobs → SFTP → Actimize ingestion → ETL pipeline → FIU-IND reporting.

11. RACI Matrix (Sample)

Function	Responsible	Accountable	Consulted	Informed
KYC/EDD/CDD (Fenergo)	Compliance Team	Chief Risk Officer	IT Security, EA	Regulators
AML (Actimize)	AML Ops	CRO	IT, EA	FIU-IND
Credit Score	Risk Mgmt	CRO	EA	Customer
Fraud Score	Fraud Ops	CRO	EA	Audit
Loan Evaluation	Underwriting	CIO	EA	Business
Agreement Mgmt	Legal	COO	IT	Customer
Disbursement	Operations	COO	IT	Builder
Compliance Reporting	Compliance Ops	CRO	EA	FIU-IND/RBI

RACI Matrix – Digital Lending Transformation

Activity / Deliverable	Enterprise Architect (You)	CTO / CIO	Business Team	Security (CISO, IAM, SailPoint)	Compliance / Risk	IT Delivery / DevOps	Vendors (Fenergo, Actimize, Finacle, TCS BaNCS)
Define Vision & Roadmap	R	A	C	C	C	I	I
Capability Maps & Alignment	R	A	C	C	C	I	I
Legacy Modernization Blueprint	R	A	I	C	I	C	I
Cloud Migration Strategy (CAST/vFunction)	R	A	I	C	I	C	I
Target Cloud-native Architecture (Azure)	R	A	I	C	I	C	I
Security & Compliance Alignment (TOGAF + SABSA)	C	C	I	R	A	C	I
Identity Governance (Azure AD + SailPoint)	C	I	I	R	A	I	I
KYC/CDD/EDD (Fenergo Integration)	C	I	I	C	C	C	R
AML & Financial Crime (Actimize Integration)	C	I	I	C	C	C	R
Credit Bureau & Fraud Scoring Integration	C	I	I	C	I	C	R
Core Banking Integration (Finacle / TCS BaNCS)	C	I	I	I	I	C	R
Regulatory Reporting (FIU-IND, RBI)	C	I	I	C	R/A	C	I
DevOps & DevSecOps Enablement	C	I	I	C	I	R	I
Threat Modeling (STRIDE)	C	I	I	R	C	C	I
Risk Register & Mitigation Governance	R	A	I	C	C	I	I
Business–IT Alignment (KPIs & Reviews)	R	A	C	C	C	I	I
Partner/Vendor Orchestration	R	A	I	I	I	I	C

Legend:

R (Responsible) – Does the work
A (Accountable) – Final authority, owns the outcome
C (Consulted) – Provides input, expertise
I (Informed) – Kept in loop

12. Top 50 Enterprise Risks (Excel-Style Table)

Risk ID	Risk Name	Category	Owner	Mitigation Plan
R1	KYC Data Mismatch	Business	Compliance Head	Auto-validation rules + Manual review
R2	False Positive in AML	Business	AML Ops Lead	Secondary screening + escalation workflow
R3	API Failure with Fenergo	Integration	EA Lead	Retry logic + Circuit breaker
R4	Actimize ETL Delay	Integration	Data Ops	Parallel batch processing
R5	Credit Score API Timeout	Technology	Risk IT	Fallback to alternate bureau
R6	Fraud Score Misclassification	Application	Fraud Ops	ML retraining + Explainability checks
R7	SFTP File Corruption	Data	Data Ops	Checksum + Auto re-upload
R8	FIU-IND Report Rejection	Compliance	Compliance Head	Pre-validation against schema
R9	Regulatory Non-Compliance	Governance	CRO	Continuous compliance audits
R10	Azure AD Outage	Technology	IAM Lead	Secondary IdP fallback
R11	SailPoint Sync Failure	Integration	IAM Ops	Scheduled reconciliation jobs
R12	Unauthorized Access	Security	CISO	MFA, RBAC, Zero Trust
R13	Data Breach	Security	CISO	DLP, encryption, SIEM
R14	GenAI Hallucination	AI	CIO	RAG, human-in-loop validation
R15	Legacy Migration Delay	Process	Modernization Lead	Automated code conversion tools
R16	DevOps Pipeline Failure	Technology	DevOps Lead	Self-healing pipelines
R17	Container Vulnerability	Security	CISO	Image scanning (Trivy)
R18	CBS Integration Failure	Integration	Core Banking Lead	Failover + Retry
R19	Loan Agreement E-Sign Failure	Application	Legal Ops	Alternate signing provider
R20	Builder Fraud	Business	Credit Ops	Builder due diligence process
R21	Duplicate Loan Application	Process	Lending Ops	Deduplication logic
R22	Customer Data Privacy Violation	Compliance	DPO	GDPR/DPDP compliance
R23	Oracle Form Migration Failure	Modernization	App Modernization Lead	Incremental rollout
R24	PL/SQL Conversion Error	Application	DBA Lead	Automated regression testing
R25	Incorrect Fraud Flag	Business	Fraud Ops	Dual scoring validation
R26	Report Submission Delay	Compliance	Compliance Ops	SLA monitoring
R27	Capacity Overload on AKS	Technology	Cloud Ops	Auto-scaling enabled
R28	Network Latency with Partners	Integration	Network Lead	VPN optimization
R29	Key Vault Access Denied	Security	IAM Lead	Rotation policy + Monitoring
R30	Missing Audit Logs	Governance	Audit Head	Immutable WORM storage
R31	Unauthorized API Calls	Security	CISO	API Gateway + WAF
R32	Customer Drop-off in Onboarding	Business	CX Head	Assisted journey via chatbot
R33	Loan Default	Business	Risk Head	Early warning systems
R34	GenAI Data Leakage	Security	CISO	Prompt filtering + sandbox
R35	Cloud Vendor Lock-in	Technology	EA Lead	Cloud-agnostic design
R36	Poor DevSecOps Adoption	Process	DevOps Lead	Mandatory security gates
R37	Incorrect Credit Report	Partner	Risk Ops	Cross-check with multiple bureaus
R38	AML Model Drift	AI	Data Science Head	Continuous model retraining
R39	Inconsistent Data Model	Data	Data Architect	Master data governance
R40	Insider Threat	Security	HR + CISO	UEBA + HR policies
R41	Partner SLA Breach (Fenergo)	Partner	Vendor Mgmt	SLA monitoring + penalties
R42	Partner SLA Breach (Actimize)	Partner	Vendor Mgmt	Alternate risk scoring
R43	Incomplete Customer Consent	Compliance	Legal Ops	Consent management system
R44	Inaccurate Builder Info	Business	Credit Ops	Builder KYC verification
R45	Batch Job Failure (Proc*C)	Legacy	IT Ops	Migration to Spring Batch
R46	Orphaned Access Rights	Security	IAM Lead	SailPoint recertifications
R47	Slow Loan Disbursement	Process	Ops Head	Workflow automation
R48	Change Management Failure	Governance	CIO	CAB process
R49	Inadequate Training on New Systems	People	HR	Training programs
R50	Stakeholder Misalignment	Process	EA Lead	RACI governance model

13 Enterprise Architecture Governance Operating Model

🔹 Architecture Review Board (ARB)

Purpose: Ensure all digital lending and modernization initiatives align with enterprise strategy, standards, and compliance.
Membership:
- Chair: Chief Enterprise Architect
- Permanent Members: Domain Architects (Security, Data, Application, Infra), Compliance Officer, CISO rep.
- Advisory Members: Business Product Owners, Delivery Managers, Vendor SMEs (Fenergo, Actimize, Infosys Finacle, TCS BaNCS).
Cadence: Bi-weekly reviews + emergency ad-hoc reviews for regulatory changes.
Scope:
- Review architecture blueprints, solution designs, migration waves.
- Approve/reject deviations from standards.
- Track enterprise KPIs and risks.

🔹 Governance Processes

Architecture Compliance Reviews (ACR)
- Each project passes through checkpoints (Inception → Design → Build → Deploy).
- Checklist-driven (standards, security, data, integration).
- Non-compliance = remediation plan logged.
Standards & Patterns Management
- Patterns published in a central Architecture Repository (Confluence/SharePoint).
- Updates every quarter with ARB approval.
- Mandatory use in all new projects.
Risk & KPI Tracking
- Top 50 risks tracked in Enterprise Risk Register (Excel/ServiceNow).
- KPIs reviewed monthly in ARB → escalations to CIO/CDO if deviations >10%.
Exception Management
- Projects can raise “Architecture Exception Requests” (AER).
- EA team assesses impact, grants time-bound waivers, tracks for closure.

🔹 RACI for EA Governance

Activity	Responsible	Accountable	Consulted	Informed
Define EA Principles & Standards	Enterprise Architect	CIO	Security, Data, Business Heads	All IT Teams
Solution Architecture Review	Domain Architects	Chief EA	Business Owner, Vendor Partners	Delivery Teams
Security & Compliance Validation	Security Architect	CISO	Risk & Compliance, EA	CIO, Project Sponsors
Technology Selection (Tools/Vendors)	EA + CTO Office	CTO	Procurement, Partners	Finance, Delivery Teams
Risk Register & Mitigation Tracking	EA Office	CIO	Risk, Compliance, PMO	Steering Committee
KPI Tracking & Reporting	EA Office	CIO/CDO	Business & Operations	Board & Regulators (as req)

🔹 Collaboration & Communication

Collaboration Tools: Jira + Confluence for backlog, Azure DevOps for CI/CD pipelines, ServiceNow for risk/governance.
Stakeholder Forums:
- Monthly Steering Committee: CIO, CDO, CRO, Business Heads → review strategy alignment.
- Quarterly Vendor Summit: Infosys (Finacle), TCS (BaNCS), Fenergo, Actimize → roadmap sync.
- Weekly Architecture Standup: Architects + Delivery Managers → unblock tactical design issues.

🔹 Governance KPIs

% of projects passing ARB review on first attempt (>85%).
% of patterns reused across projects (>70%).
% of open AERs older than 90 days (<5).
Compliance audit pass rate (100% for RBI/SEBI).
EA repository updates delivered every quarter.

Identity Governance & Security Governance

🔹 Identity Governance with SailPoint

Objective: Ensure consistent, auditable, and compliant user access management across digital lending, Finacle/BaNCS, and partner systems (Fenergo, Actimize, etc.).

Approach:

Centralized Identity Store
- Azure AD = primary identity provider (authentication + MFA).
- SailPoint = governs identity lifecycle, access certifications, toxic combos.
Joiner–Mover–Leaver (JML) Process
- Automated provisioning/de-provisioning through SailPoint connectors to:
  - Core Banking (Finacle/TCS BaNCS)
  - Lending Microservices
  - Partner platforms (Fenergo, Actimize)
- Zero manual provisioning = reduced insider threat risk.
Access Reviews & Recertification
- Quarterly campaigns automated in SailPoint.
- Critical roles (Loan Approver, AML Reviewer) require manager + compliance dual approval.
Segregation of Duties (SoD)
- Toxic combinations (e.g., Loan Creator + Loan Approver) flagged by SailPoint.
- Automated remediation workflow.
Audit & Compliance Integration
- Full logs available for RBI/SEBI audits.
- Identity dashboards → real-time access risk posture.

🔹 Security Governance

Objective: Establish a robust end-to-end security framework aligned with SABSA (security architecture) and NIST CSF.

Layers & Controls:

Network Security
- Azure Firewall, NSG, WAF in front of APIs.
- Segmentation of zones (DMZ, App, Data, Management).
Application Security
- DevSecOps integrated (SAST, DAST, container scans in CI/CD).
- Secure coding standards (OWASP Top 10).
- API Gateway with OAuth2 + JWT tokens.
Data Security
- Encryption: AES-256 at rest, TLS 1.3 in transit.
- Azure Purview for lineage & classification.
- Tokenization of PAN/Aadhaar before leaving CBS.
Identity & Access Security
- Azure AD Conditional Access (risk-based).
- SailPoint access governance.
- Just-In-Time (JIT) privileged access via Azure PIM.
Threat Detection & Response
- SIEM: Azure Sentinel + Actimize alerts for AML/Fraud.
- SOAR playbooks for automated response (lock account, block IP).
- 24x7 SOC monitoring.
Governance & Compliance
- Frameworks applied: TOGAF (EA) + SABSA (Security) + NIST CSF.
- Continuous compliance monitoring with Azure Policy + Defender for Cloud.
- RBI, SEBI, FATCA/OFAC regulatory mappings baked into controls.

🔹 Security Governance Operating Model

Security Review Board (SRB) — parallel to ARB, chaired by CISO.
RACI Matrix:
- CISO: Accountable for enterprise security posture.
- Security Architect (EA team): Responsible for embedding controls in designs.
- Delivery Leads: Consulted for implementation feasibility.
- All Teams: Informed about new policies.
Cadence:
- Weekly threat review calls.
- Monthly joint ARB+SRB sync.
- Quarterly board-level risk posture presentation.

🔹 Security KPIs

% privileged accounts managed via SailPoint + PIM (target 100%).
% toxic combos remediated (target <1% outstanding).
Mean Time to Detect (MTTD) → <30 mins.
Mean Time to Respond (MTTR) → <2 hrs.
0 critical open vulnerabilities in production.
100% regulatory compliance with RBI/SEBI audits.

Security in the Lending Journey

Journey Step	Security Controls	Notes
Application Submission	TLS/mTLS, input validation, bot prevention	GenAI chat secured via OAuth2
KYC/CDD/EDD	Identity governance, encrypted data in transit	Fenergo + SailPoint + Azure AD
Credit Score & Fraud Check	API access control, encryption, anomaly detection	CIBIL/Experian integration secured with API tokens
AML Screening	Event-driven monitoring, immutable audit logs	Actimize + ETL + FIU-IND
Loan Evaluation & Approval	Role-based access, policy checks	Microservices enforce SOD and approval policies
Loan Disbursement	Encrypted transactions, MFA approvals	Integration with Finacle / BaNCS
Post-Loan Monitoring	Event monitoring, anomaly detection	Prometheus/Grafana, ELK, AI alerts

Security KPIs Tracked

IAM Policy Compliance: 100% automated enforcement
Security Vulnerabilities Fixed SLA: 95% pre-prod
Audit Trail Coverage: 100% of sensitive events
Penetration Test Pass Rate: 100%
Encryption Coverage: 100% sensitive data
Incident Response MTTR: <1 hour

14. Threat Modeling (Security by Design)

Framework: STRIDE + OWASP Top 10 integrated in design reviews.

Examples:

Spoofing: Fake loan applications → Mitigation: Aadhaar OTP, PAN API validation, Fenergo KYC.
Tampering: Loan data manipulation → Mitigation: Hashing, immutability with blockchain ledger (future roadmap).
Repudiation: User denies transaction → Mitigation: Non-repudiation via digital signature (eSign, Aadhaar).
Information Disclosure: PII leaks → Mitigation: Data masking, tokenization, field-level encryption.
Denial of Service: Loan portal downtime → Mitigation: Azure Front Door + CDN + DDoS Protection.
Elevation of Privilege: Unauthorized access → Mitigation: RBAC + PAM (Privileged Access Management).

15. End-to-End Lending Journey (with integrations & security at each hop)

1. Onboarding & Authentication

Amit logs into the portal → authenticated via Azure AD.
SailPoint governs access (role → permission mapping).
Security: OAuth2, MFA, TLS 1.3 encryption.

2. KYC / CDD / EDD

KYC initiated → Fenergo API integration for onboarding, AML/CDD/EDD.
RBI reporting compliance → reports generated automatically.
Security: API Management + WAF + Key Vault for secrets.

3. Credit & Fraud Checks

CIBIL/Experian → Credit score fetch.
Experian Hunter → Fraud score assessment.
Actimize Crime → AML + financial crime risk engine.
Security: Zero-trust access policies, data masking for PII.

4. Loan Evaluation & Approval

Business rules engine validates loan eligibility.
Maker-checker workflow governed by SailPoint policies.
Automated → STP; else routed for manual review.

5. Builder Collaboration (Prestige Group)

Property verification & document upload via Builder Portal microservice.
Access governed by RBAC from SailPoint.
Audit trail logs in central governance layer.

6. Risk & Compliance

Batch Jobs: ABC Bank → SFTP staging → Actimize ingestion layer → ETL pipeline.
ETL generates CTR, STR, NTR, CBWR compliance reports.
Reports pushed to FIU-IND portal.
Security: File checksum, hash-based verification, restricted SFTP access.

7. Loan Disbursement

Payment released to Prestige Group escrow account.
Secured integration with Core Banking → escrow mgmt.
AML & fraud checks validated again before release.

8. Post-Loan Advisory

GenAI-enabled Banking Advisor provides FAQ, repayment options, cross-sell.
Integrated with knowledge base, embeddings, and AML alerts to improve customer engagement.

16. Role of Enterprise Architect

As the Enterprise Architect, I:

Defined vision, roadmap, and modernization strategy.
Built capability maps and mapped them to services/applications.
Designed target cloud-native architecture (Azure).
Drove security & compliance alignment with TOGAF + SABSA.
Defined standards, patterns, KPIs, and principles.
Guided DevOps, DevSecOps, AI/ML adoption.
Orchestrated partners/vendors (Finacle, TCS BaNCS, Fenergo, Actimize).
Managed risk register and ensured mitigation plans.
Enabled business-IT alignment with measurable KPIs.
IT Strategy Development → Defined long-term digital lending roadmap.
Business-IT Alignment → Balanced Amit (customer), Prestige (builder), ABC Bank, and regulators.
Architecture Design → Mapped capabilities → services → applications.
Technology Evaluation → Selected right tools (SailPoint, Fenergo, Actimize, Experian, GenAI).
Governance & Compliance → Built governance + RACI + risk mitigation.
Stakeholder Collaboration → Worked across business, IT, vendors, and regulators.

17. Operational, Resilient, and Compliance Architecture

17.1 Operational Architecture

Goal: Ensure smooth day-to-day operations, observability, and service reliability across all digital lending services.

Key Components:

Monitoring & Observability:
- Centralized dashboards for microservices, API gateways, Kafka streams, and DB metrics
- Tools: Prometheus, Grafana, ELK stack, Azure Monitor
- Metrics tracked: TPS, latency, error rates, SLA adherence, system health
Operational KPIs:
- Incident MTTR: < 1 hour
- SLA adherence: 99.99% uptime
- Queue processing lag: < 2 minutes
- Batch job success rate: 100%
Automation & Orchestration:
- Automated scaling via AKS / Azure Autoscale
- Self-healing workflows using Kubernetes probes and retries
- DevOps pipelines integrating CI/CD with automated tests, SAST/DAST scans

EA Role: Defined operational patterns, KPIs, monitoring architecture, and automated remediation playbooks.

17.2 Resilient Architecture

Goal: Ensure high availability, fault tolerance, and disaster recovery for all lending services.

Key Patterns & Strategies:

Active-Active Deployment:
- Multi-region deployment across Azure regions
- Traffic Manager and Front Door for load balancing and failover
Event-Driven Microservices:
- Kafka for async communication with idempotency and correlation IDs
- Outbox pattern to prevent message loss during failures
Disaster Recovery (DR):
- Backup and restore policies for databases (Azure SQL, Cosmos DB)
- Cross-region replication and automated failover
- Periodic DR drills and chaos experiments
Resilience Patterns:
- Circuit breakers, retries, bulkheads
- Timeouts and backpressure in microservices
- Database sharding and caching strategies

EA Role: Designed end-to-end resilient architecture patterns, defined DR strategy, and established operational readiness checks.

17.3 Compliance Architecture

Goal: Ensure all digital lending processes meet regulatory, audit, and industry standards (RBI, SEBI, PCI DSS, SOC2, ISO27001, GDPR).